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These resources are part of the course materials and they can be included in Weekly quiz and Final quiz assessment.
Alvarez, S. A., & Barney, J. B. (2007). Discovery and creation: alternative theories of entrepreneurial action. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1-2): 11–26. (*).
Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). Causation and Effectuation: Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to Entrepreneurial Contingency. Academy of Management Review, 26(2): 243-263(*).
Acs, Z. J., Braunerhjelm, P., Audretsch, D. B., & Carlsson, B. (2009). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. Small business economics, 32(1), 15-30. (*).
Drover, W., Busenitz, L., Matusik, S., Townsend, D., Anglin, A., Dushnitsky, G. 2017. A review and road map of entrepreneurial equity financing research: Venture capital, corporate venture capital, angel investment, crowdfunding, and accelerators. Journal of Management, 43: 1820-1853(*).
RESOURCE LINKDumitru, A and Lourido, D.T. (2020). NBS Impact Assessment Guidebook, Connecting Nature Project Deliverable. ISBN Number: 978-1-9161451-4-6.
The guidebook provides an easy to read and up-to-date overview of impact assessment for nature-based solutions (which would include Urban Forestry projects). Chapters 1,2 and 3 are particularly relevant.
RESOURCE LINKEuropean Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Evaluating the impact of nature-based solutions: a handbook for practitioners. Publications Office of the European Union, 2021.
The Handbook aims to provide decision-makers with a comprehensive NBS impact assessment framework, and a robust set of indicators and methodologies to assess impacts of nature-based solutions across 12 societal challenge areas: Climate Resilience; Water Management; Natural and Climate Hazards; Green Space Management; Biodiversity; Air Quality; Place Regeneration; Knowledge and Social Capacity Building for Sustainable Urban Transformation; Participatory Planning and Governance; Social Justice and Social Cohesion; Health and Well-being; New Economic Opportunities and Green Jobs.
RESOURCE LINKNorthrop R. (2020). Calculating the Costs and Benefits of Urban Trees in Central Florida. Blogpost. Consulted 18 June 2022.
Short blogpost summarising how costs and benefits for urban trees are calculated.
RESOURCE LINKFlorman et al (2016). “A critical evaluation of social impact assessment methodologies and a call to measure economic and social impact holistically through the External Rate of Return platform”. LSE Enterprise Working Paper #1602.
This is a working paper that examines the pros and cons of different social impact assessment methodologies in use at the time of writing. The general principles for selecting useful impact indicators are relevant to any non-financial assessment of an organisational or project initiative and can provide forestry entrepreneurs with food for thought as they are figuring out what impact they can meaningfully (and convincingly) measure.
RESOURCE LINK“CO-IMPACT” online tool for creating an NBS project evaluation and monitoring plan. ©Adina Dumitru, David Tomé Lourido, Gillian Dick, Rania Sermpezi.
This online ‘App’ was developed by the Connecting Nature project team to help Nature-based Solutions (NBS) project teams select impact measures in terms of health, social, environmental and economic benefits. It is an easy entry point into the process of selecting impact indicators and it is based on the more comprehensive (and daunting) EU Handbook listed above (Resource 2).
RESOURCE LINKHehenberger, L., Harling, A-M., Scholten, P. (2015). A Practical Guide to Measuring & Monitoring Impact. European Venture Capital Association (see Executive Summary).