Lecture curated by Francesca Soavi, Associate Professor in Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Bologna Alma Mater and Riccardo Ruffo, Full Professor of Chemical Physics at the University of Milano-Bicocca.

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Beyond lithium technologies for secondary batteries include various promising alternatives that aim to circumvent the limitations of traditional lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion batteries are noteworthy, utilizing hard carbon anodes and providing lower costs while maintaining good cycling stability. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries exhibit high theoretical energy densities, offering up to 2800 Wh/kg, making them a strong contender for applications seeking enhanced performance. Additionally, magnesium-based batteries present a viable alternative, leveraging magnesium's abundance and environmental benefits. Moreover, all-solid-state batteries incorporating sulfide electrolytes have gained attention due to their superior safety and energy density compared to liquid-electrolyte systems, addressing issues such as dendrite formation. As the demand for more efficient energy storage grows, these beyond-lithium technologies are increasingly vital to the evolution of battery systems.