In Week 2, the focus is on the fundamental principles governing the operation of key components in lithium-ion batteries, particularly cathode materials, anodic materials, electrolytes, and separators. The discussion encompassed various commercial materials and formulations used in these components, highlighting their performance metrics and the latest innovative research directions within the field. It was demonstrated how advancements in cathode and anodic materials can lead to improved energy density and efficiency of batteries. Additionally, the performance of electrolytes and separators was examined, including their crucial roles in ensuring battery safety, longevity, and overall functionality. The session underscored the importance of ongoing research aimed at developing next-generation materials to enhance battery performance and sustainability.